1944 - born in Moscow to Jewish parents.1951 - 1961 - elementary/high school.1962 - 1965 - Flight Academy (graduated as a helicopter pilot).1965 - expelled from the Youth League for expressing discontent with Soviet treatment of the Jews.1965 - 1971 - a pilot with Aeroflot Soviet Airlines, airplanes (co-pilot, Flight Instructor, Captain, Link Commander, Deputy Squadron Commander).1966 - 1967 - under investigation/interrogations in Dolnik case.1967 - 1971 - History faculty at Moscow Teachers' University.1971 - applied for an exit visa and dismissed from the airline.1971 - 1972 - refusenik, teacher of Hebrew in Moscow.1972 - exit permit after 4 flat refusals, left USSR for Israel.1974 - present - permanent residence in Canada.1975 - 1977 - History student, York U (graduated with Hon. B.A.)